Misinformation and disinformation are often described as defining illnesses of our time. Yet history shows they are far from new. Long before social media, falsehoods travelled through stone, parchment, pulp and radio waves, shaping power and fuelling fear. From Ramses II’s portrayal of the Battle of Kadesh as a triumphant victory to rumours during the Black Death accusing Jewish communities of poisoning wells, misleading narratives have repeatedly emerged in moments of crisis. Humanitarian action has also faced these dynamics, from early doubts about Henry Dunant’s accounts to rumours targeting aid workers in modern health emergencies. What distinguishes our moment is not their existence, but their speed, scale and precision.










